Category Archives: Historical Links, Pre-Independence

MELANGE: HIDDEN HISTORIES The ‘official photographer’ of the Travancore royals

Artist J. Valerian Fernandez with his certificates, c. 1936. / by Special Arrangement / The Hindu
Artist J. Valerian Fernandez with his certificates, c. 1936. / by Special Arrangement / The Hindu

J. Valerian Fernandez was a talented artist, photographer and interior decorator

Kunnukuzhy in Thiruvananthapuram is famed for its settlement of Latin Christians. The ancestors of many of these families were once associated with the Travancore royals and worked as artists, photographers, and artisans. During the late 1870s, Arunachalam Pillai, an artist and amateur photographer from Madras [Chennai] took photographs of Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma. Later, Pillai taught the techniques of photography to J.B. D’Cruz, who became the first official photographer of the Travancore royals.

Certificate awarded to Valerian Fernandez in connection with the Sri Chithira Thirunal Birthday Celebrations, 1936. / by Special Arrangement / The Hindu
Certificate awarded to Valerian Fernandez in connection with the Sri Chithira Thirunal Birthday Celebrations, 1936. / by Special Arrangement / The Hindu

J. Valerian Fernandez (c.1900-c.1964), a.k.a. Artist J.V.F., a member of this family was once famous as an artist, and he was also a talented photographer. Valerian was the son of Joseph, an expert upholstery worker and his wife, Jona Thankam. Being related to the D’Cruz clan, it was quite natural for young Valerian to be inclined towards photography. His talents were recognised by the royal family, who appointed him as an interior decorator.

According to Joseph V. Fernandez, son of Valerian, his ancestors originally hailed from Tuticorin. They belonged to the community known as Muthuparavar. The members of this community were skilled divers, who retrieved oysters and pearl from the depths of the sea. Joseph says, “Our ancestors were not only good at diving, they also exhibited talent in producing artefacts with the pearl retrieved from the sea.” Around 300 years back, due to some political reasons, some members of this community relocated to new environs. They travelled in small boats and landed in Anjengo, Mudakkara, and Kollam. The settlements established by these people can still be seen in the respective regions. The local rulers extended their generous patronage towards them. Most of the early ancestors of this clan were engaged in pearl inlay works, locally known as ‘pavizham pathiykkal’.

Being Christians, the members of this community had close social contact with the Europeans. Through the European officials who were stationed in erstwhile Travancore, as well as the visiting European dignitaries, these artisans were able to widen their prospects with Western technological advancements. The European connection aided the privileged members of this community to expose themselves to the Western Academic fine art; this was followed by their encounter with photography.

In his capacity as an interior decorator for the royal family, Valerian came into contact with various British officials who came to Travancore. “Often, officials would call my father to appreciate his work. On such occasions, they would present him with various musical instruments,” claims Joseph. Thus, Valerian and his family developed a close association with music and the various musical instruments.

An illustration by Valerian Fernandez. / by Special Arrangement / The Hindu
An illustration by Valerian Fernandez. / by Special Arrangement / The Hindu

Valerian, in his later years, rendered his services to the Mysore government as an artist. According to Joseph, the family maintained a vast collection of photographs taken by Valerian in his younger days. However, in due time, many of the photographs and the glass negatives were lost. Some of the old glass negatives are still maintained by Joseph’s elder brother, who is settled in the United States.

(This write-up is based on an interview with Joseph V. Fernandez).

[The author is a conservation architect and history buff]

source: http://www.thehindu.com / The Hindu / Home> Features> MetroPlus / Sharat Sunder Rajeev / Thiruvananthapuram – August 01st, 2014

Kerala to Dedicate Sankar’s Cartoon Museum to Nation

Kottayam  (KERALA):

Chief Minister Oommen Chandy will formally dedicate the ‘Cartoonist Sankar Memorial National Cartoon Museum and Art Gallery’ to the nation on Thursday. Announcing the event at a press conference here on Tuesday, Minister for Cultural Affairs K C Joseph said the museum is   the first of its kind in the state and would be elevated to the ‘top cartoon study centre’ in the country.

The museum is being set up under the aegis of Kerala Lalithakala Academy at Krishnapuram near Kayamkulam. The museum, in memory of cartoonist Sankar on his 112th birthday, has been  built on a 15,000-sq ft area and will showcase Sankar’s major works. His tools including brush, pen, easel, table, overcoat and dolls would also be displayed at the museum, the minister said.

The tools are donated by Sankar’s daughters, Yamuna Sankar and Santha Sreenivas.  The minister said the museum will showcase cartoons of existing and former cartoonists, but will predominantly feature Sankar’s works.  Almost 120 original cartoons have been received from his kin. Cartoons of Gandhiji, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi are among them, the minister said. A water-coloured portrait of Nehru by him will be a major display at the museum. Cartoons of former stalwarts including Abu Abraham, O V Vijayan, Kutty, Samuel, B M Gafoor, John Mathew, Thomas P Mohan, Kerala Varma, K S Pillai, P K Manthri along with Sankar’s students and existing cartoonists including Yesudasan and B G Varma will be exhibited at the museum, he said.

Another draw would be Sankaran Kutty’s caricatures on Indira Gandhi and Vaikom Muhammed Basheer. The minister said the building was constructed by the Public Works Department at a cost of `3 crore, under the initiative of Kayamkulam MLA C K Sadasivan.

According to Lalithakala Academy officials,  Joseph will preside over the function on Thursday.

source: http://www.newindianexpress.com / The New Indian Express / Home> States> Kerala / Express News Service / July 30th, 2014

Colachal war anniversary to be observed

The victory of the forces of erstwhile Travancore against the Dutch navy in 1741 —known as the Colachal war — would be commemorated this year on July 31 at the Colachal war memorial.

The victory of the forces of erstwhile Travancore against the Dutch navy in 1741 —known as the Colachal war — would be commemorated this year on July 31 at the Colachal war memorial.

Brig. Samir Salunke, station commander of the Pangode Military station, police officials and civilian officials would attend the event, being organised by the Madras regiment of the Indian Army, a press note issued here said.

Wreath-laying

The highlight of the event would be a wreath-laying ceremony at the war memorial followed by a display by the pipe band of the Madras Regiment.

The battle of Colachal — located 68 km from Thiruvananthapuram — of 1741 earned for Travancore the distinction of being the only Asian military power to ever defeat a leading European sea power at sea and land.

Pillar

The pillar at Colachal was erected by the then Travancore king Marthanda Varma to commemorate this victory, the press note added.

source: http://www.thehindu.com / The Hindu / Home> News> Cities> Thiruvananthapuram /  Special Correspondent / Thiruvananthapuram – July 30th, 2014

Study reveals truth behind Malabar Manual

Kozhikode :

Colonial rulers and chroniclers of British rule had all along maintained that blessed with copious rains and unfailing monsoon, Malabar remained impervious to famine.

But a recent, first of its kind study on ‘Famines in British Malabar’ busts the myth which William Logan, the famous historian and administrator, had reiterated in his exhaustive treatise Malabar Manual, that ever since the East India Company (EIC) took over the administration in India and subsequently passed it on to the British Crown, there was no record of famine in the district, and he gave much of the credit to an efficient British government.

But the yet to be released monograph of ‘Famines in British Malabar’ written by food economist, Dr. M Raghavan, Former Director of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, says that Logan’s accounts about having a largely famine- free Malabar during the 18th and 19th centuries are factually icorrect.

“The archival records themselves reveal that Logan himself had received, under his official seal and date, periodic reports from taluk level officials about the ravaging epidemics and famines in the district. Interestingly, all these reports were received in the Collectorate under the official seal”, Raghavan says in the study.

“Fact being that the Malabar Manual was first published just eight years after the 1876-78 famine, the statement that post the 1727 famine there was no record of any famine in Malabar is more of a deliberate attempt on the part of Logan to conceal the truth,” he said.

Raghavan, who has worked for around 35 years in the realm of food security in various roles including as deputy economic advisor at the Planning Commission, said that there has not been any comprehensive study of famines in British Malabar.

“These assertions are clearly preposterous as in the first half of the twentieth century, Malabar alone had undergone at least four grievous famines in 1918, 1924, 1933, and 1943,” he added.

“Though the construction of railways has been generally perceived as the best long term guarantee against famines as it allowed movement of food quickly from surplus to famine-prone deficit areas, in reality the British administration tacitly allowed private traders to carry away whatever food stocks were available, either for exports or for indulging in speculation inviting disastrous famines at progressively shorter intervals,” Raghavan said.

source: http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com / The Times of India / Home> City> Kozhikode / by K R Rajeev, TNN / July 16th, 2014

Film to showcase panchayat’s past glory

Kochi :

Rayamangalam, one of the earliest panchayats in the district, has embarked on an innovative mission to teach its Generation Next – the history and culture of the village. And it is doing it the digital way.

The home to famous sons-of-soil like Kerala’s ninth chief minister P K Vasudevan Nair, noted communist P Govinda Pillai, and Dr D Babu Paul, former IAS officer and writer, Rayamangalam panchayat is proposing to make a documentary film, ‘My Village’, at a cost of Rs 3.5 lakh.

The panchayat has decided to produce a 45-minute documentary to shed light on the historical and cultural significance of the village as many of its younger generation are ignorant of its past glory and the famous personalities who lived there,” said K K Mathukunju, panchayat president.

Rayamangalam, situated in Kunnathunadu taluk, was the first village to be declared the total pension panchayat in the state.

“The Kuruppampady market in our village was once famous for lemon grass oil for its quality and hill produce. But with passing of time and people switching over to other farming activities, it lagged behind other markets. The Lemon Grass Oil and General Marketing Co-Operative Society Ltd is the only society in the state for the development of lemon grass oil,” Mathukunju said.

The panchayat has invited tenders for producing the film. The 1,600-year-old St Mary’s cathedral in Kuruppampady, Koottumadam temple, Kallil temple which is a Jain temple will be featured big time in the film. One of the attractions is a rock statue of a woman, Velathipara – which is being protected in the regional poultry farm.

The controversial plywood factories and the pollution caused by them will also be highlighted. There are 95 plywood factories, 12 crusher units and around 100 wood factories functioning in the panchayat, says Mathukunju.

Well-known ancestral homes in the village, how they came into existence and interesting anecdotes of former panchayat presidents will also be featured in the documentary.

source: http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com / The Times of India / Home> City> Kochi / by T C Sreemol, TNN / July 06th, 2014

HIDDEN HISTORIES : A canal flowing with stories

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A king, a canal built overnight, and a shadowy enemy

Vehicles ply routinely over the nondescript Pulimuttu Palam (also referred to as Pallichal Bridge) in Palluruthy and people walk across it unmindful of its history. Very few from this generation know of the stories that hang by the bridge and of the canal that flows under it. Such hidden histories, often contested, remain forgotten except when ferreted for some reason. Many-a-time these stories are imagined narrations, exaggerated and many-a-time just half truths. Somewhere in between is authentic history.

In 1997-98 a ‘decentralisation programme’ of the State government led to a compilation of local histories of places and people. It stressed on oral histories that were handed down generations. The compilation, Pradeshika Charithra Shekarnam, is one source wherein is a story of the construction of the Pulimuttu (Pallichal) Canal.

It is said that Maharaja Godavarma of the Cochin Royal Family adopted five boys as his sons and successors. One among them, Veera Kerala Varma belonged to a family who lived in a house behind the Azhiyakavu Temple in Palluruthy. The house which exists till date is called kottaram, meaning palace, in lieu of its princely relation. Veera Kerala Varma is supposed to have ruled for just five years, from 1645-1650, and is said to have ordered for the building of the canal as he often visited the temple. The country boats which the maharaja used to travel in, called palliodams, required a place to harness. Hence a canal was constructed and came to be called pallichal. “Most probably that’s how the name came about,” says Sudhir K. Gopalan, a teacher and social worker from this area. “There are no factual details. Which maharaja, which year, when….all I have are land details,” says V.K. Radhakrishnan of Vadakkumthodam House in Palluruthy about the canal which flows contiguous to his property, a majestic, historical house.

The popular story is that the canal was constructed overnight at the behest of the Cochin maharaja as he made his way upwards on the waterway to survey the lands of his enemies. At these times he made the Vadakkumthodam house, a transit point.

Radhakrishnan is wary. He says it can be just a story. The Vadakkumthodam family were zamindars of the area and owners of land in and around Palluruthy. The maharaja was most probably an ally. According to Radhakrishnan the maharaja had enmity with people living behind their lands. The maharaja wished to see the land of his adversaries and assess the enemy. Hence a canal was built in the night, quietly, for him to go up the waterway.

The maharaja, on these visits, always offered obeisance at the Azhakiyakavu Temple that belonged to the family. “He visited the temple on the first day of every Malayalam month,” says Radhakrishnan.

Prof. K.V. Thomas mentions in his book, Ende Kumbalangi, a possible reason on how Palluruthy got its name. Once, the Vadakkumthodam house became a transit point for the maharaja, the area was referred to as Palli-iruthy, meaning a resting place for the maharaja. Over the years Palli-iruthy changed to a more facile usage, Palluruthy.

Sudhir speaks of the adversaries of the Cochin Royal Family, the muthavadi, who battled for kingship, and always conspired with the Dutch to oust the reigning maharaja, giving good reason to believe that the maharaja journeyed up the canal to assess the enemy territory. The records compiled in the nineties state the length of the canal to be 1.40 km and 5m in width.

Radhakrishnan also talks about the bridge that was later built on the canal over which the main Palluruthy road runs past. It is said that a man called Ramakrishnan began building the bridge but the piling was impossible. Every time the pillars were dug into the ground, it gave way. It is said that only after the appeasement of the Goddess the four pillars to the bridge stood ground and the canal got a bridge over it.

Sudhir hazards a guess about the year of construction of the new bridge. He says, “It must have come after the building of the Harbour Bridge, around the 1930s, out of necessity. By that time of course the maharaja was not visiting Palluruthy anymore.”

source: http://www.thehindu.com / The Hindu / Home> Features> MetroPlus> Society / by Priyadershini S / Kochi – July 04th, 2014

Exposing history through coins

A rare expo of coins concludes tomorrow

BaburajKERALA03jul2014

Mysore :

A rare three-day exhibition of ancient coins titled ‘India through 2,600 years: A glance at history of numismatics’ has been organised by K.B. Baburaj, a philatelist and numismatist from Palakkad, Kerala at Kamyaka Mahal on Ashoka Road here, which will conclude tomorrow.

The expo features about 136 rare and unique coins with the oldest dating back to 400 BC and named ‘Karshapana’ and ‘Mashana.’ They were said to have been minted during the period of Saurasena Janapada of Saurashtra. Another attraction is the world’s smallest gold coin called ‘Bele’ weighing just 0.75 gram and belonging to the period of Harihara II (1376-1404) of Sangama dynasty. Also on display are gold coin ‘Fanam’ of Tipu Sultan period and coins of the era of Guptas, Kadambas, Tughlak, Sikh, Krishnaraja Wadiyar, Vijyanagar Kings, British Monarchy and many more.

Inaugurating the expo yesterday, Dr. C.G. Betsurmath, Commissioner, Archeaology, Heritage and Museums, opined that exhibition of coins was a rare event and was very educative too for people. He hoped that such exhibitions would be organised at all museums.

The expo is open to public from 10 am to 8 pm. Baburaj speaking to SOM said that there was no commerical angle for the expo and it was an educative one and people interested in numismatics may contact mob:98434-48548.

source: http://www.starofmysore.com / Star of Mysore / Home> General News / June 28th, 2014

A historian in khakhi who guards a monument

Kannur :

Policing the tourist spots, that too with some historic significance, is not a small deal, because there you have to be a historian, a tourist guide, and a scholar apart from being a tough but amiable policeman.

It is the merger of all these qualities that makes C Sathyan, the ASI with the Tourism police in Kannur, a different personality, which has also won him the best tourism police award instituted by the Department of Tourism in the state for the fifth time this year.

“Of course, it is a recognition for the police department as a whole, because I got the chance to study the history of the places around after I was posted as the tourism police at Fort St Angelo here in 2002, as a civil police officer,” says Sathyan who is the author of two books and also a communicative English instructor.

It was in the early years at the Fort, where he often doubled himself as a tourist guide, that Sathyan, who writes in the pen name Sathyan Edakkad, started studying deeply about Fort St Angelo’s history, and also wrote the book, ‘Vasco Da Gamayum Charithrathile Kanappurangalum’. It was later translated into English in the title, ‘Vasco Da Gama and the Unknown Facts of History’. Also he penned another book, ‘Kannur: Kaanaan Ariyaan’, which is probably the only book on important destinations in the district.

“When I started studying history, I realized what we have been taught is incomplete, and this prompted me to collect whatever documents were available,” says Sathyan. “Interestingly the facts I learned were totally different from what we heard till a few years back, thus making me think of writing this book,” he said.

As the name suggests, ‘Vasco Da Gama and the Unknown Facts of History’ is about the unseen facts of history. Though the popular belief is that Gama set his foot in Kappad in 1498, it is wrong, says the researcher in khakhi.

“Vasco Da Gama’s ship was merely anchored in the sea near Kappad and a slave and a messenger were sent to visit Zamorin. As guided by the messenger of Zamorin, Gama and his men landed at Panthalayani, but still we teach wrong history to our children,” says Sathyan.

Similarly, the real story behind a stone slab with a Dutch inscription at the fort was also cracked by Sathyan only. Till a few years back it was believed that the stone with a strange script was an indicator of some hidden treasure. But with the help of some Dutch travellers he read the inscription in Old Dutch language and it was found that the slab was actually the tombstone of Susanna Godefridus, the wife of Godefridus Weverman, the commandant who was in charge of the fort from 1745 to 1755. She died on March 28, 1745, at the time of delivery and she was hardly 17 years old at that time, says Sathyan, again pointing towards the child marriage prevalent among the Europeans too.

After studying a lot on the fort, and the spice trade that India had with the foreign countries, Sathyan pampers a dream that is yet to come true – a voyage through the routes that Vasco Da Gama visited India. But without any sponsorship it is difficult to realize it, he knows.

“I don’t have any racket to operate. Still I am hopeful, one day the sea routes will open for me,” he says

source: http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com / The Times of India / Home> City> Thiruvananthapuram / by P. Sudhakaran, TNN / June 22nd, 2014

Tomb of Mar Ivanios opened

The mortal remains of the first archbishop of the Malankara Catholic Church Mar Ivanios being taken out in a special casket the St. Mary’s Cathedral, Pattom, on Monday as part of the ongoing process to canonise him. / The Hindu
The mortal remains of the first archbishop of the Malankara Catholic Church Mar Ivanios being taken out in a special casket the St. Mary’s Cathedral, Pattom, on Monday as part of the ongoing process to canonise him. / The Hindu

Canonical verification to ascertain historical importance of the archbishop

A large number of the faithful thronged the St. Mary’s Cathedral at Pattom on Monday to witness the opening of the tomb of the architect of the Reunion Movement and the first Metropolitan Archbishop of Thiruvananthapuram, Mar Ivanios. The tomb was opened to enable the expert committee appointed by the Vatican to carryout canonical verification to ascertain the historical importance of Mar Ivanios, which is a prerequisite for the canonisation procedure.

Offer prayers

The tomb was opened by the committee in the presence of Cardinal Baselios Mar Cleemis Catholics, head of the Syro-Malankara Church, and the mortal remains covered in vestments were taken to the church for the faithful to offer prayers.

The mortal remains were taken back and entombed in the evening. The tomb opening ceremony commenced with a concelebrated mass. The ceremony was attended by all Metropolitans.

Chief Minister Oommen Chandy; Assembly Speaker G. Karthikeyan; Deputy Speaker N. Sakthan; Ministers K.C. Joseph, P.J. Joseph, V.S. Sivakumar and Anoop Jacob; and MLAs K. Muraleedharan, Mons Joseph, V. Sivankutty, Palode Ravi, M.A. Wahid and R. Selvaraj visited the church and offered prayers, the church said in a release.

source: http://www.thehindu.com / The Hindu / Home> News> Cities> Thiruvananthapuram / by Staff Reporter / Thiruvananthapuram – June 24th, 2014

MELANGE – HIDDEN HISTORIES : A room with a political view

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Room No. 18 at Vasant Vihar Hotel was the unofficial Congress party ‘headquarters’ of the city

A life-changing moment for P.N. Vasudeva Rao was on the day he garlanded Mahatma Gandhi on the latter’s visit to Kochi in the 1930s. From that day the young man took a vow to don only khadi and be an ally of the Indian National Congress. “He became a Congress supporter and remained one till his end in 1996,” says his 57-year-old son Suresh Rao and current proprietor of Vasant Vihar hotel in Thoppumpady.

Vasudeva Rao, a businessman and a philanthropist, chose a unique way to be a friend of the Congress party. He decided to not only open his heart but also the services of his hotel, Vasant Vihar, for party work for free. He offered Room No. 18 in the hotel to be the unofficial party den and it remains so till date.

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Vasant Vihar opened as a lodge with six rooms in 1937. The gate led to a 40 cents open space that fell behind the rooms, which were on its either side. The rooms were on top of shops and faced the main road. In the same year Vasudeva Rao opened Cochin Café, a pure vegetarian hotel, opposite Vasant Vihar. “All tea and food came from there as it was the first hotel to get a sugar license,” says Suresh.

As the years went by and political activities, especially associated with the freedom movement, gained momentum, Vasudeva Rao too began getting more seriously involved in assisting the Congress. In 1958 he stood for the Mattancherry Municipal Council Elections from Karuvelippady but lost by a narrow margin of eight votes. “Our house was used as the polling booth. After the loss my father abandoned his desire to join active politics, but he decided to help the party in all possible ways,” says Suresh. In 1967 when the new wing of Vasant Vihar was inaugurated Vasudeva Rao dedicated Room No 18 for Congress party work.

K.K. Kunjachen, former president of Youth Congress Mattancherry, reminiscences, “Room no 18 was like a party den. Notable congressmen like A.K. Antony, Vayalar Ravi, M.A. John used to frequent the place to meet local leaders like M.K. Dharmadev and T.K. Jayaram. Vasudeva Rao was a staunch Congress loyalist and would see that party workers got tea and food. We could use the telephone services at all times. He never said ‘no’ to a Congress worker. That relationship continues even today.”

An important event that Kunjachen recalls is the assembling of party workers on their padayatra that started from Kasargod, and was led by congress leader V.M. Sudheeran. A public meeting was held on the grounds on the hotel.

Suresh says that the open space on the premises was the reason that facilitated public meetings. K.J. Paul, one of the founders of KSU, the student’s wing of the Congress remembers party stalwarts like P.T. Jacob, K.K. Vishwanathan and Dara Singh holding discussions in the room. “They were close friends of my father,” says Suresh adding that in those days the party stressed on simple, Spartan living. Nobody would sit on chairs. There was a paya (mat) shop close by and mats were rolled out on the floor for seating. Chairs were used much later.”

Kunjachen says that Room No 18 was mainly used for conducting training sessions for newly inducted Congress workers. He remembers a young A.K. Antony, Alexander Parambithara and M.A. John take classes here. “In 1968 we had about 300 members. It was a high point,” he says with a nostalgic look.

Many former Congress party workers still hangout at the hotel for old time’s sake. They remember the staging of a drama called Police Station during the period of Emergency. “It was staged under police protection,” says one from among them. The women’s cell of the party called ‘Priyadarshini’ staged a comedy show called, Vanitha Varsham too. Suresh remembers important trade union leaders like M.K. Raghavan and A. Kochunni frequenting the hotel for meetings. “The Cochin Port was very active those days and political leaders held their meetings with labour leaders here.”

Room No 18 does not see any of its high profile visitors of yore or host livid political meetings of a different time.

Its interiors, like a classroom, remain unchanged except that mats have given way to rows of wooden chairs and an office table. A white board is crooked behind. The cupboards in the wall remain closed with locks. Each piece of stolid furniture offers little; except for a small brown fan that whirrs excitedly from the ceiling.

Suresh says, “It’s more than 50 years old; it was brought from Cochin Cafe. It used to hang over the cashier’s table.”

Perhaps the fan, a witness to the activities of the room, in its lively whirr, wishes to narrate the stories that unfolded then and there.

source: http://www.thehindu.com / The Hindu / Home> Features> MetroPlus> Society / by Priyadershini S / Kochi – June 20th, 2014